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Stunning PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT TOPIC-ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HONEY. Task GUIDE-SUBMITTED BY-DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REG. NO. †10800037 ROLL NO-RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (eighth sem. ) DATED-. 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATECertified that this undertaking entitled â€Å"anti microbial action of various kinds of nectar † put together by MOHIT KUMAR , understudies of biotechnology Department, Lovely Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the fractional satisfaction of the prerequisite for the honor of Bachelors of Technology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of student’s own examination conveyed under my watch and direction. This report has not been submitted to some other college or establishment for the honor of any degree.Date: 17/5/2012 Name of Project Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, understudy of B. Tech Biotechnology under Department of Biotechnology of Lovely Profes sional Univerersity, Punjab, thus proclaim that all the data outfitted in this exposition/capstone venture report depends on my own concentrated exploration and is real. This paper/report doesn't, as far as I could possibly know, contain some portion of my work which has been submitted for the honor of my degree both of this niversity or some other college without appropriate reference. Date †17/5/2012 Investigator-MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgment Any endeavor at any level can't be agreeably finished without the help and direction of educated individuals in my capstone projectâ€Å"Antimicrobial movement of various sorts of honey†.I might want to offer my monstrous thanks to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his consistent help and inspiration that has urged me to think of this task. I additionally might want to thanks my gathering part who helped me in my undertaking. MOHIT KUMAR ABSTRACT Honey is a conventional topical treatment for contaminated injuries. It te nds to be powerful on anti-infection safe strains of microscopic organisms. A few neighborhood brands of honey(Dabur) gathered from various sources is utilized in this examination. Additionally the nectar is gathered from different apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up).The bacterial culture were taken from the research facility of the Lovely expert University and was resuscitated in supplement stock media and afterward sub-refined in supplement agar media. The technique used to test this anti-microbial affectability of nectar was finished with the assistance of Kirby Bauer strategy . Checked varieties were seen in the antibacterial movement of these nectar tests. Bacterial species utilized were Bacillus subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The zone of hindrance delivered against various microbes utilizing nectar of various fixation are as per the following: E. oli (pathankot test): 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm; E. coli (dabur test): 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm; E. coli (saharanpur test): 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; B. subtilis (pathankot): 100% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm; B. subtilis (dabur): 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; B. subtilis (saharanpur):100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm; Burkholderia spp. (pathankot): 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; Burkholderia spp. dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; Burkholderia spp. (saharanpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm; S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm; Zones of hindrance of various treatment bunches were estimated by agar-well-dissemination test and contrasted and control. The examination of nectar test with refined water control had demonstrated it significant.CONTENTS PAGE 1. Presentation 7 1. 1) Honey as antibacterial operator 7 1. Target 9 2. Writing REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF HONEY 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF HONEY 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION Honey is a sweet food made by honey bees utilizing nectar from blossoms. The Honey is a sweet, thick liquid created by honey bees from the assortment of nectar, principally from blossoms. It is viewed as a characteristic syrup. The Nectar is accumulated by the honey bees and is gradually changed into nectar, through a long rocess including the expansion of proteins and the steady decrease of dampness. Nectar is a rich wellspring of sugars chiefly Fructose and Glucose. The substance piece of nectar differs relying upon the plant source, season and creation strategies. In this way the Color, Concentration and Compounds change contingent upon the flower sources. Different mixes which can be found in Honey incorporate Proteins and acids, for example, Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, otherwise called 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants, for example, Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD.Yates et. al. 1996). Nectar has a low pH and a low dampness content, which is as a rule on normal around 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in nectar is delivered when honey bees discharge Glucose Oxidase, while preparing the nectar, this give nectar a low pH. There are numerous assortments of nectar from around the globe which come in three principle types which are fluid, whipped and brush. A few neighborhood brands of honey(Dabur) gathered from various sources is utilized in this investigation. Additionally the nectar is gathered from different apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) .Each of these honey’s were picked on the grounds that they are natural and promptly accessible in wellbeing food stores 1. 1) The Antibacterial Effects of Honey The nectars are appeared to have antibacterial properties, specifically Manuka nectar. Manuka Honey has had broad exploration done on it. It has been appeared in numerous examinations that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial impacts (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of Antibacterial Properties Honey has numerous common properties which empower it to repress bacteria.These properties incorporate, a low pH which is in the scope of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, roughly 3. 9 which is because of its substance of acidic mixes chiefly Gluconic corrosive as expressed previously. A low pH is inhibitory to most microbes. Since most microbes live in situations around pH 7, the pH of nectar could restrain the microscopic organisms (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is on the grounds that pH influences the way enormous proteins, for example, catalysts work. Which makes the state of chemicals change, which at that point adjusts the general charge, this makes the protein denature.Honey contains modest quantities of Hydrogen peroxide (H202) this fluctuates relying upon the nectar, it is created because of the catalyst glucose oxidase movement in delivering Gluconic corrosive (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 > C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase response) When nectar is utilized topically (as, an injury dressing), hydrogen peroxide is delivered by weakening of the nectar with body liquids. Accordingly, hydrogen peroxide is discharged gradually and goes about as a sterile. Hydrogen peroxide is an amazing oxidizing operator (Free Radical) which can harm cells.In a watery arrangement hydrogen peroxide acts like a corrosive and can oxidize an assortment of mixes, by tolerating free unpaired electrons. This permits the development of other free radicals, which at that point causes a course impact. In this way modifying natural structures and t husly harming cells. Nectar is essentially a soaked blend of two monosaccharide, with a low water action; a large portion of the water particles are related with the sugars and few stay accessible for microorganisms, so it is a poor domain for their growth.If water is blended in with nectar, it loses its low water action, and along these lines no longer has this antimicrobial property. Nectar comprises of different constituents, for example, water, starches, proteins, nutrients, amino corrosive, vitality and minerals. Other than the significant ones, there must likewise be a few minor constituents in nectar, which might be assuming a key job in deciding the antimicrobial conduct of nectar. Before, antimicrobial action of nectar had been accounted for just by utilizing fluid arrangement of honey.It is said that nectar has antibacterial property yet it isn't certain whether it is the mass nectar or some portion of it. The antibacterial properties of nectar accelerate the development o f new tissue to recuperate the injury. The bactericidal impact of nectar is accounted for to be reliant on centralization of nectar utilized and the idea of the microscopic organisms Considering the way that their strength be some particular constituents which might be adding to the antimicrobial conduct, it was chosen to carryout the examinations utilizing distinctive solvents.The present investigation hence manages the constituents in the various solvents followed by assessment of concentrate for their antimicrobial conduct against specific types of microbes. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above realities, the current examination was characterized with following target: 1) To check the antibacterial impact of various nectars on. a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram-negative Burkholderia capicium 2) To check the impact of nectar on bacterial strains utilizing diverse various weakenings. . 100% nectar t est b. 75% nectar test c. half nectar test d. 25% nectar test 3) To look at the impact of nectar and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram-negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been utilized with restorative purposes since old occasions and there are reports of I

Alara Agri Case

1. Ought to Taner take part in shopper inquire about for Alara Agri’s prepackaged fruits or would it be advisable for him to endeavor to convince German and Belgian retailers to direct some test advertising in their stores? Taner ought to take part in customer examine for Alara Agri’s prepackaged fruits on the grounds that all through the case, German and Belgian retailers were negative of the possibility of prepackaged cherries, accepting that the bundling would prevent the shoppers in their nations from purchasing since it doesn't give the â€Å"farm new feel. The German and Belgian retailers likewise expressed that their purchasers were more value touchy, and would not be inclined to bundling not at all like different nations, for example, the UK which is an island. German and Belgian retailers were under the supposition that the UK buyer would pay more for bundled merchandise since they are an island, and it isn't as simple to acquire such foods grown from the grou nd all year round.After understanding examinations, a Belgian report appeared, â€Å"an in-store overview uncovered under 40 percent of shoppers can express the right cost of a container of mayonnaise following buy, in excess of 20 percent having no clue at all of the value charge. † A German investigation of customers at markets found a stunning number of just shy of 70 percent of buys were made at the retail location, and that brand implied a great deal, since it recognized quality things from not. 2. In the event that you think customer investigate is proper, what are the particulars of your exploration plan?The points of interest that would be generally suitable for the examination plan, would need to have a brand/name test, just as a value test. A definitive objective is to propose the arrangement to the German and Belgian retailers, which is now unstable. The arrangement is to show brief cost increment yet with an arrival far more prominent with the possibility of longe r time span of usability, just as a brand that would stick. The test to defeat is to make sense of how to persuade the German and Belgian retailers that the expense of comfort and quality would get on rapidly as it did in Europe.The investigate plan will likewise incorporate test promoting in the stores, maybe with an a good representative for the retailers whose rack space was squandered because of a bombed endeavor to increase another base of buyer. All things considered, getting the brand name out and getting it to stay with the significance of value, with a contribution of sincere trust that if the endeavor falls flat, the retailers would be repay without limit. 3. On the off chance that you think test promoting by retail clients is fitting, what are the points of interest of your examination plan?Test advertising is completely suitable by retail customers, since it permits an organization to not toss all of their investments tied up on one place just to have it fizzle. It gives the organization a chance, also, to decide if it is proper to make such an extreme change in a previously settled market. So as to do this, we would require retailer eagerness of rack space for a specific measure of time. We would likewise need to actualize a buyer report of clients who looked over fruits, rather than clients who got the â€Å"punnets† of cherries.This sort of similar information would permit us to show the Belgian and German retailers an investigation of development, benefit, and gross edge, at last persuading, or demonstrating the Belgian and German retailers right. 4. Do you have some other proposals for Mr. Taner? My lone different suggestions is that Mr. Taner demonstrate his image and quality meet the desires for those he is attempting to persuade. As it should be, Mr. Taner has the entirety of the apparatuses he needs so as to play out an intensive report which ought to permit him to acquire rack space in German and Belgium, on the affectation that hi s changing of the market is a genuine achievement.

Scoptophobia or the Fear of Being Stared At

Scoptophobia or the Fear of Being Stared At Phobias Types Print Scoptophobia or the Fear of Being Stared At By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 15, 2019 Getty Images/Image Source More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Scoptophobia, also known as scopophobia, is the fear of being stared at. It varies in severity from person to person. Some people are afraid only when a stranger stares for a long period of time, while others fear even passing eye contact with a friend. Scoptophobia is often, though not always, associated with other social phobias. Untreated, the fear may worsen over time. Scoptophobia and Related Disorders Scoptophobia is a specific phobia, but it falls under the general spectrum of social phobias. Most people with this fear also suffer from such related specific social phobias as stage fright or the fear of public speaking. Some people also experience more generalized social phobia, although many do not. Some people with certain neurological conditions develop scoptophobia either because they feel that being stared at may trigger an episode, or because they fear that having an episode will cause people to stare. Epilepsy, Tourettes syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, and some movement disorders are among the conditions that could heighten the risk for scoptophobia. People with disfiguring illnesses or injuries may also be more likely to develop this phobia. Note that reasonable fears are never diagnosed as phobias. However, for some people, the fear is out of proportion to the risk. If you suffer from the fear of being stared at due to a medical condition, it is important for a mental health professional, in tandem with your doctor, to determine whether, given your particular condition, your fear is excessive and having an unnecessarily negative impact on your life. Symptoms If you have scoptophobia, you might go out of your way to avoid situations that put you in the spotlight. Some people are afraid only of large group situations, while others fear short transactions such as grocery store checkouts. Some are afraid of even such incidental contact as exchanging pleasantries with someone walking down the street. When confronting your feared situation, you might blush profusely. Ironically, many people with scoptophobia also suffer from erythrophobia, or the fear of blushing, making this symptom particularly troublesome. You might also begin to sweat, shake, experience heart palpitations or shallow breathing, and feel unable to collect your thoughts. You might feel a strong need to escape the situation. Some people with scoptophobia begin to limit their daily activities in a quest to avoid the panic reaction. You might refuse to go out alone or to host people that you do not know well in your home. Over time, untreated scoptophobia sometimes worsens. You might eventually become uncomfortable even in the company of trusted friends or relatives. Causes Scoptophobia can often, though not always, be traced to a traumatic event. Those who were bullied or made fun of may be at increased risk for this phobia. In addition, people who feel shame or self-loathing are also at higher risk. Many adolescents go through a phase of extreme self-consciousness which may include worries about being looked at. In general, however, these feelings subside within a few months. If the fear persists or worsens, however, it may be diagnosed as scoptophobia. Treatments Like all phobias, the fear of being stared at responds well to a variety of brief therapy options. Your therapist will work with you to develop a treatment plan that addresses the scoptophobia as well as any concurrent disorders. Depending on the severity of your fear and any underlying issues, your treatment may last as few as three sessions or as long as several months. Scoptophobia can be life-limiting, gradually forcing sufferers to restrict their daily activities. With hard work and perseverance, though, it can be overcome. The benefits of treatment are well worth the time and energy required to successfully battle this phobia.

How to Use Comments in Java Code

Java comments are notes in a Java code file that are ignored by the compiler and runtime engine. They are used to annotate the code in order to clarify its design and purpose. You can add an unlimited number of comments to a Java file, but there are some best practices to follow when using comments. Generally, code comments are implementation comments that explain the source code, such as descriptions of classes, interfaces, methods, and fields. These are usually a couple of lines written above or beside Java code to clarify what it does. Another type of Java comment is a Javadoc comment. Javadoc comments differ slightly in syntax from implementation comments and are used by the program javadoc.exe to generate Java HTML documentation. Why Use Java Comments? Its good practice to get into the habit of putting Java comments into your source code to enhance its readability and clarity for yourself and other programmers. It isnt always instantly clear what a section  of Java code is performing. A few explanatory lines can drastically reduce the amount of time it takes to understand the code. Do They Affect How the Program Runs? Implementation comments in Java code are only there for humans to read. Java compilers dont care about them and when compiling the program, they just skip over them. The size and efficiency of your compiled program will not be affected by the number of comments in your source code. Implementation Comments Implementation comments come in two different formats: Line Comments: For a one line comment, type // and follow the two forward slashes with your comment. For example: // this is a single line comment int guessNumber (int) (Math.random() * 10); When the compiler comes across the two forward slashes, it knows that everything to the right of them is to be considered as a comment. This is useful when debugging a piece of code. Just add a comment from a line of code you are debugging, and the compiler wont see it: // this is a single line comment // int guessNumber (int) (Math.random() * 10); You can also use the two forward slashes to make an end of line comment: // this is a single line comment int guessNumber (int) (Math.random() * 10); // An end of line comment Block Comments: To start a block comment, type /*. Everything between the forward slash and asterisk, even if its on a different line, is treated as a  comment until the characters */ end the comment. For example: /* this is a block comment */ /* so is this */ Javadoc Comments Use special Javadoc comments to document your Java API. Javadoc is a tool included with the JDK that generates HTML documentation from comments in source code. A Javadoc comment in  .java  source files is enclosed in start and end syntax like so:  /**  and  */. Each comment within these is prefaced with a  *.   Place these comments directly above the method, class, constructor or any other Java element that you want to document. For example: // myClass.java/** * Make this a summary sentence describing your class.* Heres another line. */public class ​myClass{...} Javadoc incorporates various tags that control how the documentation is generated. For example, the  param  tag defines parameters to a method: /** main method * param args String[] */​ public static void main(String[] args) ​{ ​ System.out.println(Hello World!);​ } Many other tags are available in Javadoc, and it also supports HTML tags to help control the output. See your Java documentation for more detail. Tips for Using Comments Dont over comment. Every line of your program does not need to be explained. If your program flows logically and nothing unexpected occurs, dont feel the need to add a comment.Indent your comments. If the line of code you are commenting is indented, make sure your comment matches the indentation.Keep comments relevant. Some programmers are excellent at modifying code, but for some reason forget to update the comments. If a comment no longer applies, then either modify or remove it.Dont nest block comments. The following will result in a compiler error: /* this is /* This block comment finishes the first comment */ a block comment */

Horatio Essay - 981 Words

Horatio, The One True Friend nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;William Shakespeare wrote about a distraught prince trying to avenge the wrongful death of his father while all his faith in honesty and the good of man was nearly destroyed. In his play Hamlet, Hamlet is the prince and he is the one who would have lost all his faith in the good of man had it not been for his loyal friend Horatio. Many critics say that Horatio did not play such an important role in the tragedy, that he merely was the informant for the audience and that his character was not developed beyond that fact that he was just the honest confidant of Hamlet. That may be true, however, Horatio does serve two central purposes to the drama, and it is through these purposes†¦show more content†¦Horatio establishes his bravery during the opening scene, as well, by questioning the ghost. His actions demand respect. â€Å"Stay! speak, speak! I charge thee, speak!† (Act I, scene i, ln. 52). Horatio is also the one who informs Hamlet of the ghos t’s visit. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Horatio plays the informant of the play; he clues everyone in onto what is happening in the play and whom the true victim of the play is, Hamlet. If it were not for Horatio believing Hamlet, there would be serious doubt to the sanity of Hamlet. In Horatio seeing the ghost along with Hamlet it gives cause to not doubt the sanity of the Prince who could be seen to be in a state insanity because of the disbelief and anger that his father just died, his uncle married his mother, and that his uncle stole his crown. Horatio brings the reality and truth to the audience so they understand and believe in what he thinks and believes. Hamlet even says that he admires the honesty and truthfulness of Horatio. quot;Horatio, thou art een as just a man/As eer my conversation copd withalquot; (Act III, scene ii, ln. 55-56). 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Stanford Essay B Samples - the Story

Stanford Essay B Samples - the Story What Does Stanford Essay B Samples Mean? Don't tell a story that you believe the admissions committee would like to hear your essay isn't an advertising tool. A standard question regarding SAT scores is whether the entire mess can be prevented by skipping the essay. Because the essay is a little too dry at this time, some extra voice would really offer the essay a boost. Nowadays it's quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. You're going to be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and once you opt to purchase essay and select an allocated writer, things will get even more exciting. Whether you need to create a paper of one-of-a-kind flawlessness, just purchase an essay here and our writers will provide help. Enable the reader go away knowing something they only might have learned in the essay. Actually, a seasoned writer can get the job done much faster than any student as they've been writing academic assignments during their entire life. A clear MBA goal in your thoughts and an in-depth comprehension of Stanford GSB's curriculum will make it simpler that you answer these essay questions. It gives a lot of advice and guidance on its website as to what it's looking for in the essays. Bear in mind that Stanford authority isn't interested to hear about your previous small business experience within this very first personal essay. You must be mindful of all of the minute information and what the exceptional features of the Stanford MBA program are or you merely won't have the ability to answer the essay. Show them which you'll be an important addition to any classroom setting. The little sample size, for example, is one particular factor that raises such uncertainty. After editing is finished, your thoughts, voice, and style stay intact. Very good topics are almost always unique hobbies or intriguing personality quirks, and it's perfectly fine to acquire a small weird. Applicants have a tendency to overthink the supplemental essay topic, often spending an excessive amount of time trying to work out which admission officers wish to read. Because personal statements are alike from 1 application to the next, we've produced thembaMission Personal Statement Guide, which aids applicants write this type of essay for virtually any school. During the application procedure, the admissions officers attempt to find out if you have the ability to make a huge effect on the world and in the event that you are going to have a positive effect on other students and the Stanford community as a whole. Make the most of this opportunity to impress admissions officers with you expansive understanding of their institution in addition to a highly-specific accounting of how you'll benefit from your time there. You ought to be always ready with appropriate homework on the university. Like so many different universities, Stanford would like to have a sense of your commitments beyond the classroom in addition to in. The essay score isn't a portion of the 400-1600 score. Most importantly, bear in mind that receiving a top SAT score for Stanford requires a great deal of practice. When it may seem as though this essay is asking you to explore a social justice cause or some kind of issue with the Earth, the true prompt is a whole lot broader. Don't be scared to talk about your ideas as part of creative procedure and remember there's just one approach to reach the desired goals receiving papers which have been meticulously checked, reviewed and proofread. It might likewise be worth it to replicate the experiment on several different cultures, as the exact same variables may yield unique results as an immediate implication of culture. Given the deficiency of space available, it may be hard to tackle a few of the difficulties with the essay without adding a considerable number of words to the entire count.

Korean Unification Essay Example For Students

Korean Unification Essay ? Ideas of the Korean Unification: Can They LearnFrom Germany’s Experience?IntroductionThe idea of this paper is to compare and contrast German Unification process with theoutlook for possible scenarios in Korea. By looking at the similarities and differences betweenthe situation in Germany and Korea. To do this I look at the state of the economies,recommendations toward policy, the need for international support as well as possibilities onhow to organize the transition. If the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republicof Korea are to merge as one united country, several factors will need to be taken into question. I hope to bring light on what it might take in order for this to happen. With the end of the Cold War and the disappearance of the East-West confrontation, newchallenges demand political management in order that the emergence of new aggravations andtensions be avoided. Divided countries such as Germany and Korea were the epitome of thecold war era with its acute ideological divisions. German unification in 1989 was one of thecentral events of the process sealing the end of the cold war. Since then, Germany hasundergone a process characterized by positive, but especially also an array of negativeexperiences. A series of mistakes was committed during and after the German unificationprocess that caused avoidable pain and has lasting consequences which may not be overcome fordecades. The German experience may hold some lessons for other countries. The Koreanpeninsula, for one, is still mired in a conflict which reflects the harsh ideological divide, uneveneconomic development and the build-up of menacing military forces, including nuclearcapabilities. Can Korean standoff and confrontation continue? Will the break-up of the Soviet Union, thedisappearance of its Communist Party, the ensuing policies towards the market economy, theeconomic reforms in China and new diplomatic alignments in the region trigger Koreanunification? What are the lessons from the German experience? I will attempt to shed light onthe these and numerous other issues associated with the Korean unification process. Germany and Korea Similarities and Differences for UnificationWhile the unification of Germany was treated as a national issue, it actually has and willcontinue to have considerable international implications. Germany grew overnight from acountry of some sixty million people to a nation of eighty million. Germany today is one andhalf times the size of Britain, France or Italy.(Dept. Of State and Foreign Affairs) Although todayGermany has enormous economic problems which will remain for at least the next 10 years, allof Germany’s neighbors believe that in the end Germany will come out on top economically. German unification has demonstrated that the re-establishment of the unity of a country evenafter a long period of division and difficulties is possible and that unification can be achieved ina democratic, peaceful way. But despite similarities between the two cases, there may also bemany differences regarding internal and external aspects. Germany and Korea were both divided in the wake of World War II against thebackground of rivalry between capitalist West and the communist East. In both countries, thehope for reunification was slim during the Cold War period. Unlike Germany, North and SouthKorea had fought a ferocious war. The two Germanys, unlike the two Koreas, concluded asystem of treaties to regularize relations at the official level and to secure a modicum of civilcontacts and communications among the people. On the Korean peninsula, North Korearemains to this very day a hermetically closed society. No information flows uncontrolled intothe country, access to foreign radio and television broadcasts is non-existent and no contact ispermitted with the outside world, not even the exchange of letters. Travel both inside thecountry and abroad is subject to approval and regulation. Apart from the country’s leaders andnomenklatura, all other North Koreans are unaware of developments in the world in general andthe social and economic conditions i n South Korea in particular. This constellation is likely tomake any unification process in Korea fraught with the risks of political and social instability. There are also significant differences in the economic constellation between Germanyand Korea. The population ratio between East and West Germany was 1:4, while for North andSouth Korea this ratio stands at 1:2. In 1997, North Korea is believed to have experienced aneconomic decline of 3.7% and in 1998 of 5.2%. South Korea has continued to achieve rapideconomic growth in the past couple of decades. This has brought about an ever-wideningincome gap. Today, the per capita income of the South is at least five times the size of theNorth. This alone will make economic integration between North and South an exceedinglytough and complex task. North Korean GDP per capita corresponds to some 16% of that ofSouth Korean, while East German GDP per capita stood at 25% of West Germany’s at the timeof unification. North Korea’s trade volume stood at $ 4.7 billion US dollars in 1990 and $ 2.7billion in 1991. The decrease resulted from a slump in imports. South Korea’s trade volu mereached $ 153 billion US dollars in 1991. China and the former Soviet Union accounted forsome 70% of North Korea’s trade. Instead of barter or compensation trade arrangements of thepast, they now demand payment in hard currencies which North Korea lacks. North Korea usedto import millions of barrels of oil yearly from the former Soviet Union against coal and otherraw materials, but currently it receives only 40,000 barrels producing an energy crunch withserious repercussions for industrial production and living standards. The utilization of industrialcapacities has actually fallen 40%. North Korean leaders seem to be beginning to open up theircountry to Western capital and technology. Most investments so far have come in the form ofjoint venture projects with pro-North Korean residents living in Japan. (Flassbeck, Horn, 1996Chap. 4) Unlike East Germany, a unification of the two Koreas will not entail ready-made accessto new foreign markets for either of the two given the ab sence of an Asian common market. Protectionism in the United States and Europe-Korea’s main export markets-threatens to erodeKorea’s export base and places South Korea in a vulnerable economic position. To assist anyunification process in the future, the international community ideally would have to be moreaccommodating to Korea in the future. But given the present climate in global tradenegotiations, it is unlikely that a unified Korea would be granted assured access to the EuropeanCommon Market or the United States. COMPASSION FOR THE SOULS WHO INHABIT HELL EssayManagement is of the utmost importance, mismanagement could bring calamity to allKoreans and another Korean War must be avoided at all costs. The division of the countryshould be managed so as not to discourage the will of the people and national consensus forunification. National reunification between North and South Korea is on the face of it an intra-national issue. Yet, to create conditions conductive for unification and for stability on theKorean peninsula and in North-East Asia entails international implications. A sudden collapseof the North Korean regime may open up the border on the Korean peninsula overnight just asthe flood triggered by the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In the Germany case, theinfluence of the four powers especially the Soviet Union was very important. In the case ofKorea, the relations with neighboring powers are quiet different. Korea is a very small countrycompared to its neighbors and has never threatened the security of the surrounding nations. Korea does not need to grab a window of political opportunity as Germany did. It mighttherefore prepare for a more deliberate pace to manage the process of reunification. Korea should form an alliance with the three major powers it counts as neighbors-Russia, China and Japan. The future of North Korea is linked to development in China. Theway in which the Chinese look at the Korean peninsula will be of great importance in the future. The United States of America and the South-East Asian states can also be considered neighborsvis-a-vis the seas. The four major powers and the group of medium-sized powers in South-EastAsia should be considered as future economic partners and be approached accordingly. Koreashould also address itself to the capacity for fierce competition between a future united Koreaand advanced Japan corporations and industries. Sixty million Koreans are not an order ofmagnitude to match either the 150 million Russians or the 1 billion Chinese or the 120 millionJapanese. (Young-Hwan Choi, 1996). Yet, a united Korea must be considered a major factor inthe Far East and in the world economy as a whole. International Support Will Be Needed A united and stable Korea is not only in the interests of North-East Asia, but the world atlarge. To underpin unification, Korea would need substantial international economic andfinancial support. While Japan is still recording huge annual trade until here recently, its fellowglobal co-financier for many years, Germany, is no longer a surplus country followingunification. Thus, the burden falling on Japan will inevitably increase adding to its presentlevels of development assistance and support for the transformation of Eastern Europe. As North Korea is very poor in infrastructure, such as roads, harbors, railroads,communications and power supplies, massive investments will need to be directed to these areasfollowing unification. Massive loans will have to be secured from the World Bank, the AsianDevelopment Bank and other international financial institutions. The flow of privateinvestments must be intensified, not only from Japan. As a first step, South Korea shouldbecome more closely associated with existing fora of international economic cooperation, suchas the OECD whose members account for more than 80% of international investment flows. Inthe OECD framework, Korea would be asked to subscribe to mutual commitments such as rulesand principles concerning the protection of foreign investment, trade, the liberalization offinance, and the movement of the people, which might induce further investment flows to theentire country. ConclusionDifferent scenarios must be kept at hand. Even from a purely political or strategic pointof view, scenarios might have to be developed. The political rulers, the military, the familiesaround the president would have to be urged to anticipate different possibilities. In theeconomic field, if the political conditions permit, one might be lucky enough to start with andgradual approach. Korean unification will not happen against the will of China, Russia, Japan,and the United States. So, what is needed, if there is something to be learned from the historicalexample of Germany. Is it to build up a good relationship with Beijing. Trust must be built upin the relationship with the neighbors which is not simply a question of establishing ordinarydiplomatic relations. The consent of Japan might be needed for the unification of the twoKoreas, but Japanese financial assistance will certainly be needed whether it be after a big bangor after gradual process. Japan is the only country ca pable of producing capital exports. So,China and Russia are needed from a strategic point of view, and Japan from the financial pointof view. The Japanese ought to be told that rendering this help to Korea will reduce thesuspicion with which she is viewed in the Far East, South Asia and the pacific. Government Essays