The Objectives of Women in the International Community

The Objectives of Women in the International Community Introduction International relations continue to re-shape feminism by its increased articulation of the ideology through an enhanced global discourse that pursues the embodiment of human rights. The global community continues to take cognisance of the fact that justifying feminist action is a humanitarian cause that seeks nothing but the good for all humanity (NGO Working Group on Women, Peace, and Security 2015, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Objectives of Women in the International Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In recent times, there has been tremendous progress in recognising and addressing the lopsided impact of conflict on women and girls generally. Women’s leadership pursues the full and equal participation of both girls and women in an effort to establish a lasting global peace and security. Opportunities for women as Lene (2000, p. 78) notes will not be easy to achieve without the promotion and recognition of their human rights. The global community must be imperative to avert conflicts and build peace across the world to make the feminine objectives achievable. Achieving the objectives of women demands that the international community address the following: Women’s participation Often, the society tends systematically exclude women from meaningful participation. This scenario characteristically threatens the sustainability of engagements hence forcing women to push for greater representation and fairness. The international community has a duty to pull together all peace-making initiatives to include women to the process systematically (NGO Working Group on Women, Peace, and Security 2015, p. 2). The need to increase the participation of women and the girl child in the civil society organisations must aim to strengthen women human rights. Increased participation of women must hasten women’s ability as decision makers both at national and loc al levels. The contribution of women is critical as it ensures that women’s rights and priorities are enshrined in the political processes to bring sustainable peace. National and regional integration Local, national, and regional gender balance can pave the way for increased participation of women in the mainstream society and institutionalise women’s leadership in decision-making processes. Women have what it takes to transform almost every sector of society, including health, education, leadership, and business (Mayoux 2010, p. 583). Integration of women in the mainstream activities in the society must aim to enhance gender perspective as pillars of institutional work in the development of these efforts. The international community has a duty to work as a united force to develop, implement, and evaluate the existing global gender strategies that seek embody women affairs.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Expanding public leadership to involve women Over the past thirty years, there has been a widespread revolution in the concept of governance and public administration generally (Riccucci 2010, p. 167). Public administration continues to be a challenge in most parts of the world hence how to improve it becomes a necessity for the harmonious continuity and transition in different societies. The society is fast moving past incremental changes and improving public leadership is part of the process in transforming the government into fundamentally useful entity. Governments of the world have a duty to give an era to women’s voices. Improving public leadership to conform to the ideals of women involves change that must come with acceptance from all stakeholders of the community. This change has to be in the right direction capable of answering to the aspirations of the women in general. Expanding public leadership to invo lve women is a transformation process, which in turn act as process of adjustment in structure, form, and character in the concept of community. Change as Alison (2004, p. 448) opines denote a break from the old unnecessary habits a conversion or a revolution of some sort. Improving public leadership styles constitute a fundamental consideration of program design and a tour into the preferred business processes that an organisation must nurture as part of its tradition (Capper Ginter 2002, p. 156). Organisations or governments have unique footprints of the trajectory of their administrative reforms to guarantee women’s agenda. The leadership reform movements in several parts of the world have footprints of great leaders that had a distinctly ideological zeal attached to them. The need to downsize and decentralise government led to the conceptualisation of more palatable leadership styles that were popular with the masses. In many cases the urge to improve public leadership, stemmed from economic crises that sought to meet the demands of the changing trends to help finance growing economies. The urge to expand public leadership to involve women covers many areas of government such as the need to improve service delivery and increase management output and accountability. Improving public leadership according to MacKenzie (2009, p. 212) relate directly to civil service reforms, performance matrix, use of information technology, strategic planning, contracting, and structural streamlining to accommodate broader managerial perspectives. Democratisation process The Truman Doctrine promulgated a noble policy that meant to support free people who were subdued by armed dynasties or external aggression. President Truman however, observed that the aid America was volunteering would be in handy, yet in the form of fiscal aid given that economic strength and organised political structures were the foundations of stability, which essentially was after all, what the newly independent nations yearned for. The word democracy emanates from two Greek terms ‘demos’ meaning the people while ‘Kratos’ refers to a form of Aristocracy denoting a leadership that is decided upon by the people (Bostdorff 2008, p. 156). In the American context, democracy refers to a people chosen government, a concept of governance that cannot subjugate its people. Democracy by any means is the preserve of an equal opportunity society where everyone has a say in the concept and nature of governance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Objectives of Women in the International Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a concept in public opinion making, democracy makes sovereignty worth its while. The logic of civic competence and the drive to have an impact in the concept of political life and shape the democratic process of a people delves essentially on the ability to grasp th e political tenets that defines a people. Elements such as the logic of civic participation as Vyas (2003, p. 444) notes are essential ideals of democracy that are instrumental in public opinion and decision-making. Clearly, high levels of self-expression, values, and political participation are essential for a healthy public opinion making today. Financing The international community need to direct equal access to women to reach out to direct funding to implement their decision-making. Clearly, the body has a task to provide multi-faceted financial support to women leagues through existing global funding bodies and civil society organisations working at national, regional, and global levels to ensure continued funding to the dedicated efforts for women in different parts of the world (Kiran 2012, p. 572). Gender proficiency is a fundamental across the communities in the world today and the international community should relent to allow a few individuals to make it an optional proce ss. Redefining the roles of the military to limit conflicts across the globe The military are usually the largest division of armed forces authorised to use excessive force in support and protection of the interests of state. Military role is primarily to defend the state and the citizens in prosecuting war external aggression by another state (Parashar 2011, p. 297). The military roles includes but not limited to promoting political agenda, participating in social activities, construction of infrastructures, public health programs, humanitarian and disaster relief operations. Within the wider global politics, militaries collaborate to promote regional stability, and for that matter global world peace. This paper looks at the importance of the military in a wider nationalistic and the broader global geopolitical aspect. Deterrence of external aggression Within the military, the deterrence theory became an issue that captured the imagination of several militaries during Cold War (Zuc kerman Greenberg 2004, p. 267). This was mainly due to the increasing concern by world militaries as the nuclear arms race ragged in.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The presence of an army helps in deterring external aggression and in the process this assist in maintaining regional and global security. As a military practice, the concept of deterrence has been instrumental as a convenience in instigating the other party to refrain from aggression that might result in a counter attack. All these aspects of deterrence seek to nurture Regional Corporation by solving conflicts through consensus. Humanitarian operations and effective disaster relief aid The use of the army for humanitarian and disaster relief operations is a long established military tradition in geopolitics. Within the geopolitics, a clear association exists between disaster outbreak and military relief. The civilian population often looks upon the military to come to their aid whenever disaster strikes or in the event of full-blown wars, and emergencies (Newell 2002, p. 50). Militaries of the world have rapid response teams that coordinate with regional authorities to deliver reli ef and aid to populations under threat of natural disasters or civil wars. Within geopolitics, these operations not only seek to secure regional power balance and world tranquillity, but also to give the military an abstract humanitarian outlook. Promotion of regional stability The logic of regional stability is clear within the geopolitics matrix. Militaries of the world believe that the first step in the promotion of regional stability is by pooling their resources together while enhancing corporation to reinforce the security structure of a region. Within the wider geopolitics, regional Military Corporation allows armies to scale economic boundaries to acquire military equipment necessary in securing regional stability. Military Corporation is therefore, instrumental in geopolitics because it multiplies the military might of a single country’s armed forces. NATO is a typical example of a military alliance that seeks to secure regional stability in the geopolitics of the No rth Atlantic region (Shepherd 2014, p. 345). Within this understanding, militaries find it easy to detect and disrupt terrorist operations and networks in all corners of the world. Discussion The military is a necessary aspect in striking a balance between geopolitics and regional governments within their realms. From the strenuous history of geopolitics, it is clear that the world can only exist in cohesion with itself when there is a robust military in force. Nations of the world are often suspicious with one another hence the need to keep external aggression in check. Militaries defend states and their citizens to avoid unnecessary subjugation by foreign force (Newell 2002, p. 53). In times of natural disasters and civil strife, the army provides humanitarian aid to civilians thus securing lives. National stability and regional stability constitute global peace hence militaries of the world collaborate to disrupt regional conflicts. Human rights movement The quest for human right s creates a mental picture that draws the audience’s assumed knowledge of human beings as horrific entities judging from acts of history that caused and continues to cause unprecedented human sufferings such as colonisation, slave trade, apartheid, torture, and abortion. Human rights as a concept thrived under several concepts before the reigns of King John Lackland of England. For some reason, Lackland violated the laws and customs that governed England and he was compelled to sign the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215 (Albertone 2009, p. 45). The Magna Carta was a binding document that sought to ensure the King followed the laws of the land while guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of his subjects against his wishes. These ancient developments were the offshoot of the chronicles of the human right movements in history. The then society’s religious mentality is perhaps among the most referenced mind-sets in the ancient international diplomatic ties in the conti nental Europe. In the years following the Second World War, the world turned its focus from the contest between democracy and totalitarianism to emerging threats such as the global balance of power. The power vacuum in the years following the post-war history greatly troubled the United States, especially in the oil opulent and war ravaged Middle East. In the 1960s, much of the Middle East was a deep preoccupation and this was mainly because its inclination to communistic thinking. The foundations of the Truman Doctrine were premised on the justification of the theory that Communism thrived on sheer determination to destabilise world economy. Conclusion Societal ethics as explored in the traditions of old parochial societies and embedded in the origins of the agreeable social relations and attitudes cherished by the society have brought humanity this far. The interplay between human rights and public policy making relationships usually express themselves in the patterns or forms of behaviour that the society considers to bring about ethical symbiosis between its key cogs. In the past, these prototypes were stipulated in the decorum of the customs of the day, and were idealised, analysed, and inferred upon the people by the moral thinking standards of the time. However, with increased democratisation of the society and enhanced acceptance of human rights, everyone has the right to influence public opinion and policymaking. References Albertone, M 2009, Rethinking the Atlantic world: Europe and America in the age of democratic revolutions, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Alison, M 2004, ‘Women as Agents of Political Violence: Gendering Security’, Security Dialogue, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 447–463. Bostdorff, D 2008, Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms, A M UP, USA. Brooke, A Jacqui, T 2008, ‘Reflexivity in Practice: Power and Ethics in Feminist Research on International Relations’, International S tudies Review, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 693-707. Capper, S., Ginter, P 2002, Public health leadership Management cases and context, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Kiran, G 2012, ‘Reclaiming the Voice of the ‘Third World Woman’, International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 569-590. Lene, H 2000, ‘The Little Mermaid’s Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence of Gender in the Copenhagen School’, Journal of International Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 285-306. MacKenzie, M 2009, Empowerment boom or bust? Assessing womens post-conflict empowerment initiatives, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 22, no 2, pp. 199-215. Mayoux, L 2010, ‘Reaching and Empowering Women: Towards a Gender Justice Protocol for a Diversified, Inclusive, and Sustainable Financial Sector’, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 581-600. Newell, C 2002, The framework of operational warfare, Routledge, Lo ndon. NGO Working Group on Women, Peace, and Security 2015, 2015 Civil Society Women, Peace and Security Roadmap. Web. Parashar, S 2011, ‘Gender, Jihad, and Jingoism: Women as Perpetrators, Planners, and Patrons of Militancy in Kashmir’, Studies in Conflict Terrorism, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 295-317. Riccucci, N 2010, Public administration traditions of inquiry and philosophies of knowledge, Georgetown University Press, Washington. Shepherd, L 2014, Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations, Routledge, London. Vyas, A 2003, ‘Empowering Women through Information and Knowledge’, Gender, Technology and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 443-445. Zuckerman, E Greenberg, M 2004, ‘The Gender Dimensions of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: An Analytical Framework for Policymakers’, Gender and Development, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 4-34.

Indigenous Studies Article Summary & Analysis Essay - 1

Indigenous Studies Article Summary & Analysis - Essay Example Likewise, it clarifies how the marginalized groups keep on agitating for legitimacy and political acknowledgment as a way towards liberation1. Borrow tries to bring out the courts definition of indigenous rights, and it is to my consent that its definition is based on distinctive cultures of indigenous communities as they existed in the old days. Additionally, I note that he recognizes indigenous rights as being founded on continued recognition of the customs and the laws of the indigenous people. Borrow has additionally highlighted the subject of the rule of law. I agree with his writing that oppression of the indigenous communities can be prevented through the continuous application of the rule of law. Based on indigenous communities, affirmation of the Crown Sovereignty has been the main cause of disruptions and chaos. He views the rule of law as a supreme ideal that can be realized if unbiased and non-arbitrary approach to legitimacy of Crown sovereignty is put into practice. I find that Crown Sovereignty is the foundation for the establishment of the colonial supremacy which led to things such as peace, stability and order to colonial settlers2. In the meantime, colonial supremacy brought about disturbance to the colonized. Borrow sees the rule of law as subject to sovereign power that is characterized by its monopoly nature of power. It is from his book that I figure out that since there was and is no foundation for the attestation of colonial sovereignty, there emerged ill-use of power that demeaned the value of the rule of law. The book also helps me to identify several cases where indigenous law has failed to be recognized. Historically, native law and interests have been alleged as a problem to the Crown law that is dominant in Canada. This line of thinking has aided me to note the disappointment of recognition of Indigenous law and interests, which, has thus, brought about the legitimate, political, social and economic

Financial Economy Crisis and Its Influence on Society Essay

Financial Economy Crisis and Its Influence on Society - Essay Example These periods in time had a demonstrable and defininitive impact upon how the economic cycle, the American dream, and risk taking came to be understood. Firstly, in order to understand the Industrial Revolution, it must be understood that this was a period of runaway growth for almost each and every industry within the United States. Although it is oftentimes tempting to assume that the Industrial Revolution was only concentric upon benefiting the moguls that owned the iron and steel mills throughout the Northeast, almost each and every sector of the American economy experienced a level of growth as a result of this point in time. However, it must also be understood that the individual worker was at a distinct disadvantage for much of the Industrial Revolution. ... ervasive spirit of the era was one that believed that the growth that was being experienced and exhibited throughout the economy could somehow continue to be sustainable in perpetuity. By way of comparison, the period of the Great Depression evidenced a distinctly different, arguably opposite, societal, economic, and political approach. As a result of the fact that there were few if any jobs, investment was drying up, trust and availability of the currency was drying up, and little if any safety net existed for the people of the era, a true level of malaise and â€Å"depression† set in and defined the era. This is of course denoted with regards to such factors as the stagnation of the labor markets and the ultimate hardship that individuals felt with regards to the outlook for â€Å"bettering their position† in life. Obivously this has a direct correlation to the extent to which the â€Å"American dream† was believed to be a reality. Due to the fact that the mean s of creating â€Å"American way of life† was all but removed, it became incumbent upon the government and political sectors of the system to intervene and express the will of the people to fix the problems that were systemically plaguing and beleaguering the system. Such a point of view is rather well represented within the famous film â€Å"It’s a Wonderful Life†. Although a complex plot is woven around different types of hardship that cannot be defined purely economically, it is the economic hardship that is the final straw in prompting the main character towards the course of action that he takes. The economic hardship and the social fabric are two elements that are extensively represented within the film and two elements that factored heavily into how the Great Depression was felt within the United States

Role of Humor in Reducing Job Stress and Depression

Role of Humor in Reducing Job Stress and Depression The Role of Humor in Reducing Job Stress and Depression among Nurses Abstract Studies show that it is very important to reduce job stress and depression of nurses. The main objective of this study was to explore the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses. The study took place at hospitals in Iran. After distributing questionnaires, 210 accurate questionnaires have been used for data analysis. This research was conducted using three separate Questionnaires: Humor (Khoshouei et al. 2009), stress (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein, 1983), and depression (Radloff, 1977). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted to examine the relationship between humor, job stress and depression. The finding showed that humor has a negative impact on job stress and depression with a significant path coefficient at -0.65 and -0.76. In addition, Job stress has a positive impact on depression with a significant path coefficient at 0.71. The results of research showed that humor could be considered as a predictor of reducing job stress and depression an d job stress could be considered as a predictor of depression. Keywords: Humor, Job stress, Depression, Nurse 1. Introduction The role of nursing is associated with multiple and conflicting demands imposed by nurse supervisors and managers, and by medical and administrative staff. Such a situation appears to lead to work overload and possible to role conflict. One of the most significant risks nurses are exposed to in their work is stress. Numerous recent studies have explored work stress among health care personnel in many countries. Stress can have a significant impact on individual nurses and their ability to accomplish tasks and more specifically, poor decision-making, lack of concentration, apathy, decreased motivation and anxiety may impair job performance creating uncharacteristic errors (Jones, Tanigawa, and Weisse, 2003) Stress, up to a certain point, will improve people’s performance and quality of life because it is healthy and essential that they should experience challenges within their lives, but if pressure becomes excessive, it loses its beneficial effect and becomes harmful (Moustaka, and Constantinidis, 2010). Evidence shows that stress has a negative impact on human body, regarding to its biological, psychological and spiritual dimensions (Chinery, 2007; Lambert and Lambert, 2008) Concerning to the work related stress, health professions were forgotten for a time but recent research has contributed to include these practitioners in the group of the most exposed to stress due to the particular characteristics of their job (Amaro and Jesus, 2008). It is important to recognize that stress is a state, not an illness, which may be experienced as a result of an exposure to a wide range of work demands and in turn can contribute to an equally wide range of outcomes, which may concern the employee’s health and be an illness or an injury, or changes in his/her behavior and lifestyle (Moustaka, and Constantinidis, 2010). Many research projects have been done to study the antecedences of stress and depression so far. Stress management and reducing the stress in individual is a key concept in organizational behavior. One of factor that has an impact in reducing the stress and depression is humor. Humor has been recognized in the literature as a complex and personal phenomenon regarding its multidimensional nature and the different meanings that people attribute to the concept. Thereby, although this complex concept has been largely studied by the health and social sciences, no commonly accepted definition was suggested (Santos and Jose, 2012). Romero and Cruthirds (2006) define humor as â€Å"amusing communications that produce positive emotions and cognitions in the individual, group, or organization†. In the management literature, humor is defined as a message whose ingenuity, verbal skill, and/or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter (Bergeron, and Vachon, 2008). Although there are exam ples of studies of humor, the literature is most often conceptual, and does not empirically examine the value of humor for service organizations. The aim of this research is to study the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses. 2. Hypothesis development Literature review shows that there are four contributing factors that make defining humor difficult (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran , 2012): (1) â€Å"Humor† and â€Å"sense of humor† are often used interchangeably; (2) Humor is multi-dimensional; (3) Humor is quantified in various ways; and (4) There are positive and negative humor styles. In Figure 1 the five humor styles has been displayed. Figure 1. Five humor styles (Moshref Javadi et al. 2013) Research supports humor as an excellent stress management tool. Many people find that maintaining a sense of humor is useful for a good quality of life. Sense of humor gives the ability to find delight, experience joy, and release tension. Studies show the existence of an intrinsic connection between humor and the stress level (Santos and Jose, 2012). The results of the study previously carried out by Astedt-Kurki and Liukkonen (1994), indicated that humor takes an important role on the management of work related stress. Humor and laughter are a powerful emotional medicine that can lower stress, dissolve anger, and unite people in troubled times. Humor in the workplace has been identified as beneficial (Hoption et al. 2013). Having a great sense of humor provides many clear advantages. It increases energy and gives a feeling of well-being by stimulating the release of chemicals, such as endorphins and adrenaline (Miller, 1996). It decrease depression, anxiety and stress, as well as enhance one’s mood, immunity to illness, and life/family satisfaction. As you can see in Figure 2, employee humor has impact in employee health like burnout, stress, health and coping effectiveness. Figure 2. Employee humor outcomes (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran , 2012) Depression among nurses may be linked to the high level of their stress. Nurses can be a high-risk occupational population for experiencing depressive symptoms because of high job demands and complex environmental conditions (Gelsema et al., 2005). Literature review shows that stress has a significant association with depression (Chiang and Chang, 2012). Hence, hypotheses are formulated as follow: H1: Humor has a negative impact on job stress H2: Humor has a negative impact on depression H3: Job stress has a positive impact on depression. On the basis of theoretical background the following conceptual model is developed. Figure 3. Conceptual framework 3. Methodology A survey/questionnaire research was conducted to test the research hypothesis. 3.1. Sample The study took place at hospitals in Iran. Data were gathered from self-reported questionnaires by 210 nurses. Regarding the demographic information, most participants were female (60 percent), age from 20 to 50 years old, 70 percent were married, working tenure between 1 to more than 10 years, and all of them were academic educated. The characteristics of the participants are described in Table 1. Table 1.Demographic characteristics Demographic variables N=210 Gender Female Male 126 84 Age 20-30 31-40 41-50 113 81 16 Marital status Single Married 63 147 Working tenure Less than 2 years 2-10 years More than 10 years 11 147 52 3.2. Instruments This research was conducted using three separate instruments. 3.2.1. Humor questionnaire Humor was assessed using the Sense of Humor Questionnaire (SHQ) developed by Khoshouei et al. (2009). The SHQ is a 25-item, 5-points Likert-type scale (1 refers to strongly disagree and 5 refers to strongly agree). 3.2.2. Stress questionnaire Stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale, 10-item version (PSS-10) (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein, 1983). In this scale the response options range is from 0 (never) to 4 (very often), with higher scores indicating greater stress. 3.2.3. Depression questionnaire Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977). The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert-type scale (1 refers to rarely or none of the time and 4 refers to most or all of the time). Cronbachs alpha was used to estimate the reliability of internal consistency. Table 2 shows the reliability of questionnaires. Table 2. Reliability analysis Questionnaire Source ÃŽ ± Humor (Khoshouei et al. 2009) 0.76 Stress (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein, 1983) 0.79 Depression (Radloff, 1977) 0.84 As you can see in Table 2 none of the reliability estimates fell below 0.70, so the scale reliabilities were considered acceptable. 3.3. Data analysis After testing the reliability of the questionnaires, the measurement models and research hypotheses was tested. For this purpose, structural equation modeling was conducted to test the hypotheses and to examine the relationships among the variables. We relied on several statistics to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the models that includes: RMSEA, GFI, NFI, CFI and CMIN/df. Two statistical programs, SPSS 18 and Amos 21, were utilized to conduct the data analyses. 4. Results First three measurement models were separately analyzed. Table 3 shows fit indices of the measurement models. Table 3. Fit indices of measurement models CMIN/df CFI NFI GFI RMSEA Model 1.69 0.953 0.912 0.918 0.021 Humor 1.24 0.916 0.909 0.941 0.056 Stress 2.73 0.925 0.928 0.937 0.072 Depression >90% >90% >90% Acceptable amount Comparing the amount of fit indices and their acceptable amount shows that overall fit of the measurement models is acceptable. For testing the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling has been used. Table 4 shows the fit indices of the structural model. The results in Table 4 shows the values of fit indices all reach the acceptable amount. Table 4. Fit indices of the structural model CMIN/df CFI NFI GFI RMSEA Model 2.35 0.911 0.927 0.939 0.0651 structural >90% >90% >90% Acceptable amount Two indices named critical ratio (CR) and P have been used for testing the significance of hypotheses. If CR>1.96 then in the significance level of 0.05 are confirmed the hypotheses. Table 5 shows the hypotheses and regression coefficients. Table 5. Results of hypotheses test Result P CR ÃŽ ² Hypotheses Supported 0.00 4.268 -0.65 Humor has a negative impact on job stress Supported 0.00 3.634 -0.76 Humor has a negative impact on depression Supported 0.00 5.165 0.71 Job stress has a positive impact on depression. As Table 5 shows, humor has a negative impact on job stress and depression with a significant path coefficient at -0.65 and -0.76. In addition, Job stress has a positive impact on depression with a significant path coefficient at 0.71. 5. Conclusion Higher level of workloads with limited amount of nursing staffs can cause a variety of negative outcomes such as work stress and depression (Chiang and Chang, 2012) so it is very important to reduce job stress and depression of nurses. The main objective of this study was to explore the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses. Another objective of this research was to determine the effects of job stress on depression. The finding showed that humor has a negative impact on job stress and depression with a significant path coefficient at -0.65 and -0.76. In addition, Job stress has a positive impact on depression with a significant path coefficient at 0.71. The results of research showed that humor could be considered as a predictor of reducing job stress and depression and job stress could be considered as a predictor of depression. This research creates an important implication for managers of organization. The results of this study state that having a sense of humor is a powerful way to reduce job stress and depression. As previous researches showed employee humor is associated with enhanced work performance, satisfaction, workgroup cohesion, health, and coping effectiveness, as well as decreased burnout, stress, and work withdrawal (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran, 2012). Creating a humorous workplace is an important factor that must be considered by managers of organizations. Employees with a sense of humor and a humorous workplace can reduce job stress and depression among nurses. The main limitation of this research was the nurses lack of time in responding to the questionnaires. This research aimed to analyze the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses; the study can be performed in the other organizations and other countries for more confirmation of results. References Amaro, H., and de Jesus, S. N. (2008), Vulnerabilidade ao Stresse em Profissionais de Emergà ªncia Mà ©dica Prà ©-Hospitalar, Mudanà §as Psicologia da Saà ºde, 16, 62-70. Astedt-Kurki, P., and Liukkonen, A. (1994), Humor in nursing care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20, 183-188. Bergeron, J., and Vachon, M. A. (2008), The effects of humor usage by financial advisors in sales encounters, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 26(6), 376 – 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02652320810902424. Chiang, Y. M., and Chang, Y. C. (2012). Stress, depression, and intention to leave among nurses in different medical units: Implications for healthcare management/nursing practice, Health Policy, 108, 149– 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.08.027. Chinery, W. (2007), Alleviating stress with humor: a literature review, Journal of Perioperative Practice, 17, 172-182. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136404. Gelsema, T. I, van der Doef, M., Maes, S., Akerboom, S., and Verhoeven, C. (2005), Job stress in the nursing profession: the inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of organizational and environmental conditions and job characteristics. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(3), 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.3.222 Hoption, C., Barling, L. and Turner, N. (2013), Its not you, its me†: transformational leadership and self-deprecating humor, Leadership Organization Development Journal, 34(1), 4 – 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437731311289947 Jones, D., Tanigawa, T., and Weisse, S. (2003). Stress management and workplace disability in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 45, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.45.1. Lambert, V. A., and Lambert, C. E. (2008), Nurses’ workplace stressors and coping strategies, Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 14, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.41934. Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J, and Viswesvaran, C. (2012), A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155 – 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683941211199554. Miller, J. (1996), Humor: an empowerment tool for the 1990s, Empowerment in Organizations, l.4(2), 16-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09684899610118046 Moshref Javadi, M. H., Salehzadeh, R., and Hoseini poor, S. (2013).Studying the Relationship between Humor and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(3), 146-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v3-i3/100. Moustaka, E., Constantinidis, T. C. (2010), Sources and effects of Work-related stress in nursing, Health Science Journal, 4(4), 210-216. Radloff, L. S. (1977), The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306. Romero, E. J., and Cruthirds, K. W. (2006), The use of humor in the workplace, Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.20591005. Santos, M. I., and Jose, H. (2012). Humor and Health Practitionaires’ Stress, Humor contributions in stress management, Advanced Research in Scientific Areas, 1022-1026.

Tom Sawyer Essay -- Essays Papers

Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer, the mischievous, adventurous boy, always was looking for trouble to keep his life interesting. Tom, along with his friends, Huckleberry Finn and Joe Harper planned adventures to keep themselves busy. Tom, being the boy that always gets into trouble, was at the same time smart. He got out of his punishments, given by his Aunt Polly whom he lives with. His cousin Sid, whom he also lives with informed Aunt Polly with all of Tom’s mischief. Tom tried not only to get out of his punishments, but he tried to find ways to avoid school too. Tom’s own adventures always get him in more trouble than expected. While on his way to the graveyard to find a cure to warts, he and his friend witness a murder. Trying to keep what they have seen a secret, Tom suffers with n...

Evaluate how a selected business uses e-business Essay

Evaluate how successful a selected business organisation has been in preparing for the growing use of e-business. In this report the business I have chosen to evaluate is Tesco’s. Tesco’s is one of the largest supermarket stores around the world; it has 330,000 staff working in 3,146 stores, there are stores located in China, Turkey and Japan. Research shows that they have stores in 9 other different countries and 27 million people outside of the UK own their own club card to receive offers and discounts from Tesco’s. They sell a range of different products to suit customer’s needs. The products range from food and groceries, their own clothing brand F&F, their own mobile phone network, and also have personal banking. Tesco’s are all about making their customers happy by offering them services which can be very useful, including bank loans. There slogan ‘Every little helps’ is not just a slogan but is one of their aims, they want to mak e sure all products that they sell are at a reasonable price to meet customer’s needs. Tesco’s was originally set up as a store but opened up an online website to make it easier for customers who are unable to visit the stores, this could be due to working hours. The online website offers all products which are available in stores; they offer a delivery service and a pickup service for customers. There are strategies which Tesco’s have used to develop their E-Business, one being making a 24 hour global presence. Tesco’s online website is 24 hours; because they don’t only sell to customers in the UK they sell to customers around the world. It is important for them to have a 24 hour website for the customers in different time zones to the UK. Having a 24 hour website can benefit both customers and Tesco’s because customers who have all day jobs may not have time to make an order online during the day, having a 24 website can help them because they are then able to purchase products at night. Another strategy that Tesco’s have is; communicating with customers. Tesco’s are able to communicate with customers using the Internet and technology, they can email customers about new products they have and the products that customers have ordered to confirm their delivery. Tesco’s also use E-Marketing remixes to help develop their E-Business. E-Marketing is how the website looks in order to sell your products and services, to make it easier for customers to buy products online Tesco’s have made the website easy for all people to use. They have a previous buy items page for customers when they sign in so they  can see what they brought on their last delivery to make it easier and faster to choose what to buy. To keep up with trends and technology Tesco’s change the design of their website a couple of times a year, this is to ensure that the website always stays easy for customers to use because technology is changing constantly Tesco’s need to keep up. They have made a mobile phone website so customers are able t o buy products online using their mobile where ever they are. In order to maintain a business effectively it needs to be successful, Tesco’s have been one of the most successful companies’ worldwide selling products and opening stores in 12 different countries. Research shows that Tesco’s profits are getting higher and higher as they are developing into their new E-Business. There are many ways to now access Tesco’s which is making it easier for customers to buy from them. The Daily Mail states that Tesco’s are earning a  £105 profit each second. Other research shows that sales for Tesco’s have made it to  £10 million per week for Tesco’s online. This shows that Tesco’s is running a very effective and successful business as their profits are getting higher each year.

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